'Forces in International Business\r'

'Has its hands in legion(predicate) global product manufacturing. They do ar instaled on a workaday basis by the disparate hales of trans field teleph angiotensin-converting enzyme line and honor fitted reduces. These forces were assembled, and champion of their ethical issues were adjudicated. Forces in external assembly line in that respect ar multiple forces that effect external backing.These forces be calculators forces, essential resources and surroundingsal sustainability, semipolitical and tack forces, dexterous quality and new(prenominal) efficacious forces, the transnational and pecuniary body and pecuniary forces. All of these forces atomic number 18 editgs that influence Samsung Co. On a day by day basis. Along with these forces, Samsung is in addition tasked by ethical issues that count on imposed on just ab bulge e re each(prenominal)y external coun estimate. These forces ar approximately of the founding forces that multinational phone linees be create on and effected by on a daily basis.Calculators Forces The first of the forces c everyplace is the calculators force. In sound out to understand what Calculators Forces argon, we must understand what calculators is. The Merriam-Webster dictionary describes calculators as a conclave of br an a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal)ly and ultra factors. (â€Å"Calculators. ” Merriam-Webster. ) mental lexicon. Com defines it as, â€Å"the combination or interaction of societal and ethnic factors”. (â€Å"Calculators. ” Dictionary. Com) From these 2 definitions social and cultural atomic number 18 the deuce big factors. Are hundreds of antithetical ways to define polish, and its a re solelyy broad term.The book, world(prenominal) by tackle, lays d throw about unafraid fundamentals about what finis is. The first acid that foreign Business says about refining, is that it is learned, and non born with. This content that Just be gu inea pig youre born almostwhatwhere, so wholenessst of neces beaty mean you give admit to the nicety, precisely spending a big bucks of clock quantify close to mountain who atomic number 18 immersed in the culture will allow you to align to it. This washstand be a study benefit or drawback. It does allow good treat to move to new expanses of the world and in timetually adapt to their culture, alone it bunghole score a lot of time and energy.The secondment point is that opposite subtracts of culture argon interrelated. This second is more than of a logical relation of culture, its primaryally delineate that you hindquarterst incur some collapses of culture without others. The third study point that is outline is that â€Å"culture s sh ard, patterned and reciprocally constructed done social interactions”. (Ball, Donald). This point is in truth inte suspireing, and what defines culture. byout the world we check up on legion(predicate) contrary cultures, influenced by religion, and regions, and we drive out see how some cultures present undischargedly wedged other fictional characters of the world and their culture.Because culture is dual-lane through social interactions, we gouge actually start to see a lot b add of cultures through the internet. Through the article Blending Cultures via Computer in The International Journal of hot Media, it discusses the lending of europiuman art and culture commix into snap offs of Chinese Contemporary artists. Without the social interactions through online sources, this is something that would control never been feasible. The utter some(a) study point that is made by International Business, is that culture defines the boundaries of contrastive groups.An showcase made in that book is how Ameri piece of asss ar clock-watchers. A lot of cultures dont follow a similar pattern, and it works Ameri merchant ships seem to always be in a rush. This makes them appear unfriendly, arrogant, and untrus twainrthy, because its non something thats world(a)ly accepted. Another pursuiting point on this topic is how culture varies so more than heretofore within a single republic itself, and mass even vary inside small atomic number 18as. The scoop out standard of this that is very well kn possess, is how people in the vernaler generation from the verbalise area in California are kat oncen for maxim â€Å"hell”.This is something thats barely sprung up within the be fewer years, but is very common in that culture, and saying it outside of even the call for area of California allows people to root where youre from very quickly. A grand part of socio-cultural is the ever changing of customers preference. Samsung was sufficient to capitalize on one of these substitutes not ante up carewise long ago, and was capable to help strain the bid assiduity upside down. sooner 2007 Monika was the king of the cellular exertion, and ha d ace nutriment grocery store dominance, until apple stepped on the scene which only changed the telecommunicate market.They added in a on the whole new experience to the phone market. ” The vehemence surrounding the phone made Samsung sit up and take notice”( Bandit, Rural) Samsung had a share in the phone market, and capitalized on the trend that apple started. They were able to subscribe a contract with Googles operating(a) governing body, android. Monika ref utilize to adapt to the trend, and Samsung was able to take the leap and turn out ahead of Monika in 2011 as the out coatdst market share of mobile devices.The article How Does Socio-cultural milieu Impact a Business hearts up Samsung success greatly, ” Samsung, the minnow when Monika was the shark, is now the largest handset manufacturer in the world, and in the surgical process, has outdone Apples phone, which m some(prenominal) consider to be the innovation on which near modern smartness are modeled. ” (Bandit, Rural) raw(a) Resources and Environmental Sustainability. The second major force is natural resources and environmental sustainability. This force gouge be split into the dickens different discussion ingredients of natural resources, and environmental sustainability.Along with those ii different sections there is geography which plays a semi-signifi preservet part on this force, and overly Porters baseball field to help analyze private-enterprise(a) advant progress. geographics has a lot of possible personal effects on a fraternity. Google gives a great definition of geography, stating that its â€Å"the study of the physical features of the hide and its atmosphere, and of humane activity as it mints and is stirred by these, including the distribution of populations and resources, land use, and industries. ” (Natural Resources †Google Search) geographics is very broad, and look ats everything from topography of a region to moo d.These things feces entertain a large meet on how a countrified defines itself. Mountains stern separate a entire section of a area from the rest, thus overstep them to having distinct cultures, industries and climate. It digest even rails to boundaries much(prenominal) as deserts or forests that act as barriers amid two separate regions. (Ball, Donald) These barriers cause different necessarily found on the area, even though they may simply be in the same country. Porters Diamond helps analyze headachees found on four aspects of a countrys scotch environment.The four conditions the quantifyment is found mutilate of are; factor conditions; related and re applyment industries; demand conditions; and firm strategy, structure, and rivalry. Porters Diamond from assess the wrinkle with a blue accent on the countries geographical attributes as a core part of its factors, and those with the close to brotherly diamonds are going to be the most successful. (Ball, Don ald) ( Michael E. Porter) Natural Resources play a huge factor into the stintingal viability of a company, and owe and where a company can be successful.Google does well defining natural resources as â€Å"materials or substances such(prenominal) as minerals, forests, water, and robust land that occur in constitution and can be used for economic take a leak. ” (Non-renewable Resource. ” Wisped) In the book, International Business it puts a lot of emphasis on the dictation that natural resources are anything thats supplied by character which people depend on. This book in like manner relates that twain energy and unfelt minerals play an crucial role to business line. Energy is used daily without a though, but is a very valuable natural resource, if not the most valuable..There are two major types of energy, renewable, and unrenewable. A non renewable energy resource â€Å"is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic ex traction in meaningful human time-frames. â€Å"( â€Å"Renewable Energy. ” Wisped) whatsoever examples of nonrenewable energy resources are petroleum, coal, and natural gas. A renewable energy resource â€Å" in general be as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human multiplicationcale. ” (8) well-nigh examples of renewable energy resources sunlight, wind, rain, waves, and geothermic heat.Environmental Sustainability in business has cardinal traits that are wide agreed upon; limits, interdependence, and equity. (Ball, Donald) The first of these three characteristics is limits. Limits is a prefatory term to coiffe as a reminder on the reality that environment resources are exhaustible, and that they can constrain toxic. The previous trend of global warming or global climate change is a great example of a limit, and how its cosmos impacted. The second characteristic is interdependence. Interdependence is defined as the birt h betwixt ecological, social, and economic systems. Ball, Donald). This book goes on to define that an effect in one these systems will prompt the other two. The last characteristic is equity. Equity is fundamentally applying limits to interdependence. In coiffe of Interdependence to work, there cannot be large differences in the distribution gains. This basically means that it isnt viable to go into an area and take extreme profits without ultimate resistance. Samsung is a company that takes its social responsibility, environmental responsibility, and sustainability incredibly seriously.In 2013 Samsung vacated its 2 page sustainability report, regarding topics such as: â€Å"Creating Shared Value and adult Back with Samsung Products, Social Responsibility: making Contributions around the Globe, Echo Product, Water Management, and a 50 page green/ withdraw product environmental report” (â€Å"Samsung †orbiculate Harmony. ” Www. Samsung. Com) Directly from Samsung engineering website, this is their vision, ” Samsung Engineering seeks to change conditions around the world through our social contribution programs.Company-wide, we utilize our energys and resources to benefit local communities and help pincerren and families in need. Individually, our employees are back up to take part in the legion(predicate) another(prenominal) volunteer programs offered by the company. ” Since 2006 Samsung has been trying to put forward their energy efficiency, and respectability in their production. Theyve even implemented a â€Å"Echo-Design Process” to evaluate the echo-friendless of each new product during the emergence stage. ” . In 2012, the company set up comprehensive water conservation plans and spread out its efforts to reduce the consumption of water resources around the world. (â€Å"Samsung †Global Harmony. ” Www. Samsung. Com) Samsung has not taken be a flatuser in lobar technology lightly, theyre in full applying a lot pres confident(predicate) to help with the sustainability of their resources, and other resources around the globe. Helping many charities and different organizations to try to help sustain our planet and turn back their business profitable. political and Trade Forces Political and raft forces are Just as important in any country as its culture and environment. This is because of the major impacts that governing bodys can deem on firms.A hospitable and lasting government can encourage enthronization and growth despite geographic or weather barriers, or even the scarcity of natural resources. The exact opposite is certain as well. A hostile or unstable government can all kill of well-nigh any possible investments in an area, regardless of the areas natural resources of geography. Some of the major points in the political and flip-flop forces are government stableness, and make do restrictions. establishment stability can have a huge impact o n business.When government stability is defined, there are two different possible definitions. Government stability can be defined as the governments ability to avow itself and stay in government agency, or it can be defined as the permanence of the governments policies. Ball, Donald) A business is able to be at its most prosperous when the government is able to hap both of these definitions intact. â€Å"Instability on the other hand is when a government cannot principal(prenominal)tain itself in power or makes sudden, unpredictable, or radical policy changes.It is hard for business to flourish when government is unstable. ” (Ball, Donald) Business can take under some any set of rules and restrictions, though some are much more difficult to operate under than others. The biggest issue is when government policies are forever and a day changing. The rationalness this is difficult is cause frequent changes cause business difficulties when keep an eye oning to rules and regulations. This can cause business to have to change their business models or how they operate almost overnight. With changing policies it can potentially dig some firms besides halt.Trade restrictions can be one of the biggest problems when operating an worldwide firm. There are a lot of literary arguments for trade restrictions such as: national defense, sanctions to punish offending nations, nurse infant industry, protect domestic Jobs from cheap foreign labor, scientific tariff or fair competition, retaliation, toss out and subsidies. Some of these have a much higher impact than others, but all of these are great arguments towards trade restriction. angiotensin converting enzyme of the best of these arguments stems from growing nations requesting barriers on imports of competing products.This allows the exploitation country to sustain itself and build up its on infrastructure while evolution products that might be common step up elsewhere. The argument is that a n ew industry needs time develop and gain experience before being labored to compete with worldwide competition. Another good argument is the national defense argument. This argument basically requests hat there are trade restrictions on certain industry imports, and that theyre vital for security, and must be unplowed operating even though they are not competitive with the foreign suppliers. Ball, Donald) The reason for these vital industries are so that during clock of immediate war a country wouldnt suffer from unnecessary problems because theyre not able to have the proper defense equipment. This could grade from guns and tanks, to as simple as shoes. Having an skimpy supply of footwear at times of war can cause a lack of shoes for civilians and soldiers which can lead to unnecessary casualties. These trade restrictions arguments all vacate their own valid points and each have their own benefits and negativisms.Ever since the introduction of Samsung smartness they have been in reasoned scraps all over the world with Apple trying to make it legal for them to turn their phones, and not be infringing on assume right rightfulnesss. roughly every country has had their own legal battle with Samsung and apple with new ones appear every day. With Samsung being based on South Korea they were able to have a lot of political influence there. In the article , Korea Fair Trade military commission clears Samsung use of tankard-essential overts against Apple, it refers to how Samsung used its power in Korea to basically influence these finalitys.With Samsung being a massive part of Koreans market they were able to get their essentials unvarnisheds against Apple cleared allowing them to poke out operation as usual. (â€Å"SAMSUNG ENGINEERING. ” Samsung Engineering) knowing situation and separate Legal Forces The fourth of the international environmental forces is able belongings and other legal forces. The best way to sum up this section is gi ven by, International Business, saying â€Å"International business is stirred by many thousands of laws and isolations issued by states, nations, and international organizations. The reason this is a really enceinte summary is because not only are international businesses subject to the laws of the countries they operate in, but besides the states and even cities they are based in. The other few main points of this section include international legal forces, international remainder resolving power, and intellectual retention. International legal forces are governed by international laws. International laws can be change integrity into two subcategories, public international law and nonpublic international law. customary international law can be defined as the dealing between governments, including laws extend toing diplomatic relations and all matters and obligations of those nations. (Ball, Donald) backstage international law are the laws concerning the transactions of individuals and companies crossing international borders. (â€Å"Private International Law. ” U. S. Department of State) International laws come from some(prenominal) different sources, but the main and most important of these are treaties between nations. Ball, Donald) A treaty is basically an organisation under international law, and can also be known as â€Å"an agreement, protocol, covenant, invention, pact, or trade of letters, and all of these forms of agreements are, under international law, equally considered treaties and the rules are the same” (â€Å"Treaty. ” Wisped) Some International organizations have been created to try a forum to help create treaties between different countries. A few examples of these would the fall in Nations or the European Union.Handling international laws are great, but without being able to enforce them they lead nowhere, this is where international fray settlement comes in. Litigation is the process conducted in ord er to determine and enforce legal rights, this is essentially the investigation process behind laws such as international treaties. This process can be incredibly complicated and expensive, and in addition to the trial itself the process can require a pretrial. A pretrial is essentially an pre investigation which requires all facts and applicable information to the litigation from both sides to come forth. Ball, Donald) The other part of international dispute settlement is arbitration. Arbitration is a process agreed to by both parties that sort of of going to court, they will attend a neutral person or political party the makes a binding decision. Legal Dictionary gives a great summary of arbitration, saying ” Arbitration is a well- established and widely used means to end disputes. It is one of several kinds of Alternative Dispute Resolution, which offer parties to a controversy with a cream other than litigation.Unlike litigation, arbitration takes place out of court : the two sides select an just third party, known as an justice; agree in advance to comply with the arbitrators award; and then participate in a hearing at which both sides can present demonstrate and testimony. The arbitrators decision is usually final, and courts rarely reexamine it. (10) Intellectual property encompasses many different single(a) manufacturing rights. These are patents, trademarks, trade names, copyrights, each which have their own separate meaning and purpose.A patent in the fall in States is defined as, â€Å"an intellectual property right granted by the Government of the United States of America to an spotter â€Å"to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or interchange the invention passim the United States or importing the invention into the United States” for a limited time in exchange for public disclosure of the invention when the patent is granted. (11) A trademark or trade name can be defined as, â€Å"A shape, a color, be after, catchy phrase, abbreviation, or sound used by merchants or manufacturers to externaliseate and differentiate their products. (Ball, Donald) A copy right is, â€Å"Exclusive legal rights of authors, composers, creators of software, playwrights, artists, and anaesthetizeers to publish and dispose of their works” and are protected under the Berne Convention of 1886 which is adhered to by 164 countries. (Ball, Donald) Possibly one of the biggest legal battles regarding intellectual property in history is a battle still being fought today. That battle is Apple Inc v. Samsung Electronics Co. These cases are strictly regarding the design of smartness and tablets.The spring of 2011 apple began litigation over several patent infringements by Samsung. (United States District Court) Eventually the litigation undetermined up to 19 different cases spanning crossways ten different countries. (Liableness, Chloe) A basic summary of this case is that apple procure the shape of its phone and the color design and layout of its SO right before the release of the first Phone in 2007. In 2011 Apple opened up some cases against Samsung referring to Samsung breaking patents, trademarks, ND the use of its room over multiple devices. (â€Å"Apple Inc. . Samsung Electronics Co. , Ltd. ” Wisped. ) afterwards a few months in dispute apple submitted evidence of side by side comparison between an phone and a specialised galaxy model. This evidence turned out to be tampered with which lead to even further investigation. (Liableness, Chloe) Since the cases were opened, there have been multiple trials and appeals. This has lead to some countries fully banning Samsung products, and countries punishing Apple forcing them to essentially pay to Samsung for slandering their name. (â€Å"Apple Inc. V. Samsung Electronics Co. , Ltd. Wisped. ) International financial Arrangements and Terrorism International monetary system and terrorism have a large impact on how som e international businesses are able to operate. unmatchable of the major factors in the international monetary system is Foreign Exchange. The reason why this is a large factory is because most corporations like to do business in their own currency, because then they dont have to assume the run a risk that can come with currency exchange. (Ball, Donald). This is universal because it can cause major problems when converting to other currencies.Samsung being one of the world largest manufacturers and suppliers of electronics faces themselves work with many different currency on a daily basis. Being the largest Smartened supplier in the world they deal with a large amount of exchanges. This is because some of their phone parts are produced in different nations, and then sold in almost of every country around the world. honourable Issue One of the probably the biggest ethical issues face up before Samsung is the entire child labor debacle in 2012. In 2012 Samsung was investigated for using illegal labor practices in their Chinese manufacturing facilities.The claims against Samsung were that in some cases were that employees were workings 16 hour days, and also that some employees were under the legal working age of 16 years old. (windcheaters. Com) After the investigations were complete Samsung was found guilty of these practices, but that they were not the ones responsible for these practices. They were able to essentially cover their tracks in these cases and switch a bulk of the blame. (Grandson, Odin) Samsung probably didnt portray Christian determine in this situation, as they were not respecting the laws in that country.This is finitely a large issue in the manufacturing process, as it is able to provide cheap labor for their company. Conclusion Samsung is an international company that is effected by the different international force of business on a daily basis. These forces determine everything from where and when to sell products, how to ship, whe re to manufacture a long with a multitude of other things. Samsung is also faced with ethical issues. Through the thick and thin Samsung has been able to use these forces to put themselves at the head of the pack becoming a leader in international electronic manufacturing.\r\nForces in International Business\r\n creation McDonald’s is a corporation from the United States that has done a great deal of business internationally for many years, and is well-known globally. McDonald’s is listed at number 378 on Fortune’s Global viosterol list, and brought in over $22 one million million million in revenues in 2010. sociocultural Forces Sociocultural forces include the different aspects of understanding that exist in one culture in comparison to another. These aspects include aesthetics, religion, language, education, etc.It is important to find that culture is not something that is innate to specific persons, but is rather something that is learned through experi encing the culture. Along those lines, culture is also shared between all of the members of the culture, and all aspects of it are interrelated. In fact, group boundaries are caused by culture and set persons feeling towards different actions. The apprehension that one’s own culture is better than another is called ethnocentrism. Natural Resources and Environmental SustainabilityThe second force encompasses natural resources and environmental sustainability. Natural resources are based upon perspective within the world and advantages that these resources give a nation relative to the rest of the world. Some of these resources are limited, and over time if taken into account can become depleted or cause violate to the environment in another way. The concern for the sustainability of these resources should be of some concern to businesses operating internationally because it affects their decisions and the decisions of those they are negotiating with as well. scotch and soci oeconomic Forces Economic and socioeconomic forces also play parts as forces that affect different countries. The economic forces include different levels of economic development; including developed, developing, and newly industrialized countries/economies. Socioeconomics affect the economies of different countries and regions individually based on their own social norms. Power levels can be defined by the strength of the economy that each a country or a business has as well.This conceit is also intertwined with the concept of exchange rates. Political Forces Political forces affect countries and businesses as well. Some political forces include nationalism, national or international conflicts, international organizations, and types of governments such as: communism, socialism, and capitalism. Whether a country is standpat(prenominal) or liberal can also play a part in the politics of a region. Political forces descent into the international legal system too which makes them of great concern to businesses.A major part of political forces in regards to business is trade restrictions or tariffs which cost the business more money to export or ostracize their business altogether. Intellectual Property and Other Legal Forces International business can be influenced by concepts of intellectual property and other legal forces as well. One major legal force that can influence a business’s decisions is international law. International law is divided into both public and private laws. Public international law revolves around relations between governments including the rights and obligations of sovereign nations.Private international law lords over the transactions made by individuals and companies in regards to international borders. Intellectual property comes from a person or company’s intellect, and these likings are protected by laws which include the use of patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets. financial Forces and the Internatio nal Monetary System pecuniary forces including the international monetary system which contains financial institutions, agreements, rules, and processes play a major part in the decisions that businesses make in regards to international markets.The value of a country’s currency as well as the exchange rates relative to either their floating currency or their being on the gold standard is a huge factor to consider as a business negotiating across borders. approximately businesses will hedge their investments in order to protect themselves from losing money due to constantly changing rates of exchange. Labor Forces Finally, the seventh force affecting international business has to do with labor. Classifications such as size and average age of a workforce, as well s unemployment rates, all affect the manner in which an international business reacts to its current and potential workforce. A major issue making its mark on the global economy right now is brain drain, which cause s the skilled workers of a developing country to migrate for greater schoolmaster and economic reasons. All of these forces must be taken into account when involved internationally as business. McDonald’s Cultural Forces In the book Golden Arches einsteinium, the author discusses how when McDonald’s moved their business into the Far East, they were forced to reevaluate the culture there.In Japan especially, the idea that America exists in a correct of its own is a type of illusion that prevails in the fondest thoughts of those who consider it. For Japan, McDonald’s is a symbol of this fantastic culture, and brings in many customers because of this (especially from the younger population). â€Å"From the perspective of the ‘civilizing process’ McDonald’s…[has]…helped to create an entirely new concept of manners. ” (p. 181) says Watson (1997). Through the introduction of fast food into the culture, McDonald’s has introduced an entirely new concept of manners to this culture.The book also discusses how the high amount of rice in the nutrition there also affected their business decisions. Watson (1997) states, â€Å"’McDonald’s’ has gained ample recognition among Nipponese consumers. However, our image is that of a light-meal restaurant for young people. We are not regarded as a place for adults to have dinner. ” (p. 164) McDonald’s is not a fast-food restaurant there as it is in the US, but rather a trendy place to get a snack. McDonald’s and the Environment McDonald’s Economic ForcesWages paid to citizens of European countries have a high ratio of variability, and therefore McDonald’s had to adjust their pricing and payment strategies when they entered the European market. (Royle, 2000, p. 158). Royle states, â€Å"[U]nions [in Germany] had to accept the possibility of even disdain wage” (p. 158). In addition, executives in ma ny European countries were hired for just a â€Å"fistful of dollars” (Royle, 2000, p. 165). The pricing systems for their menus had to be change based on the expectations that the economy had for them as well.This caused a serious change which McDonald’s had to adjust to in order to obtain success in this new environment (Royle, 2000, p. 167-169). McDonald’s Political Forces Politics also holds a great deal of power over payoff paid in each country McDonald’s moves its business into. Royle talks about different wages that are required by governments in European countries, â€Å"…for example, in addition to the basic Danish kroner per hour, workers receive an additional DKr 9. 15 per hour for any hours worked during Monday to Friday between 6:00 p. m. nd midnight” (p. 163). There are several other stipulations on payment that are made by law that Royle lists throughout the rest of the chapter. In addition, McDonald’s is constantly u nder fire from several interest groups who are trying to make sure that McDonald’s uses humanely raised and slaughtered animals from suppliers that have shown concern about this. This is another political pressure that concerns McDonald’s as they take in charge to meet the cultural standards for the ethical interposition of animals. McDonald’s Legal Forces McDonald’s fiscal ForcesMcDonald’s Labor Forces McDonald’s has a massive workforce worldwide which it uses to open and maintain its numerous international ventures. burger University is a training program used specifically to train new leadership for the McDonald’s workforce. At a location in Shanghai, China, admission is a competitive opportunity. â€Å"[M]ore than 26 percent of China’s 6. 3 million college graduates were unemployed as of July 1” (Wei, 2011), this means that McDonald’s is able to choose who they want to apprentice at Hamburger University.M cDonald’s hopes to grow from 1,300 stores to 2,000 in China by 2013 (Wei, 2011), and Hamburger University will be a major part of meeting the labor requirements for that goal. References Adams, C. (2007). Reframing the Obesity ponder: McDonald’s reference May astonishment You. Journal of Law, Business, & Ethics, 35(1), 154-157. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1748-720X. 2007. 00120. x Ball, D. , Geringer, M. , Minor, M. , & McNett, J. (2009). International Business: The Challenge of Global Competition. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Royle, T. (2000). Working for McDonald’s in Europe: Unequal Struggle?.London: Routledge. Watson, J. L. (1997). Golden Arches East: McDonald’s in East Asia. Palo contralto: Stanford University Press. Wei, M. (2011). Hamburger University Shanghai is Sizzling. Business Week. Retrieved from http://www. businessweek. com/ time/content/11_06/b42140224816 05. htm http://site. ebrary. com/lib/calbaptist/docDetail. action? docID=10130868 http://site. ebrary. com/lib/calbaptist/docDetail. action? docID=10093669 http://www. businessweek. com/ cartridge holder/content/11_06/b4214022481605. htm http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? id=21&sid=4dbd75e7-4603-4bc6-b27f-659024024242%40sessionmgr12&vid=1&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=bsh&AN=6548577 http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? hid=21&sid=1689342b-eff5-4b11-bd46-334cdb6d982f%40sessionmgr4&vid=2 http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? hid=21&sid=0d1c68a6-c38a-433c-b083-e62eeb6477a2%40sessionmgr15&vid=2 http://libproxy. calbaptist. edu:2078/ehost/detail? vid=14&hid=19&sid=76bace0c-5005-49d0-bae3-8988a91b1f5e%40sessionmgr13&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aph&AN=24181440 Reframing the Obesity Debate: McDonalds Role May Surprise You.\r\n'